Rhythmic Jaw Movements in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Is It Clonus or Tremor?

Background: Jaw clonus refers to involuntary, rhythmic jaw contractions induced by a hyperactive trigeminal nerve stretch reflex; however, the movements, when triggered without a stretch, can be confused with a tremor. Phenomenology Shown: This video demonstrates a patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis presenting with rapid rhythmic jaw movements seen at rest, alongside a power spectrum analysis revealing a narrow high-frequency peak of 10 Hz. Educational Value: Rhythmic jaw movements are seen in many disorders such as Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, tardive syndromes, and cranial myorhythmias; however, a high-frequency movement, regardless of clonus or tremor, can indicate amyotrophic lateral sclerosis when accompanied by typical upper and lower motor neuron signs. Highlights: The presented video abstract shows a patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with rhythmic jaw movements seen at rest. A power spectrum analysis of the rhythmic movements revealed a 10 Hz peak, a frequency higher than those seen in patients with Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, myorhythmia, and tardive syndromes.

WHIGET and TETRAS Ratings of Action Tremor in Patients with Essential Tremor: Substantial Association and Agreement.

Background: Evaluating tremor severity is a critical component of diagnosing and clinically managing patients with essential tremor (ET). We examined the comparability of tremor severity ratings derived from two frequently used tremor rating scales: the Washington Heights-Inwood Genetic Study of Essential Tremor (WHIGET) rating scale and the Tremor Research Group Essential Tremor Rating Scale (TETRAS). Methods: A trained assistant administered and videotaped a neurological examination, including eight items assessing upper limb action tremor (arms outstretched, arms in the wingbeat position, finger-nose-finger maneuver, and drawing of Archimedes spirals). An experienced movement disorders neurologist reviewed the videos and assigned WHIGET and TETRAS ratings. We calculated associations between TETRAS and WHIGET ratings using Spearman rank order correlations. Subsequently, we collapsed these ratings into four tremor severity categories (absent, mild, moderate, severe) and then two broader tremor severity categories (absent/mild, moderate/severe). We calculated weighted Kappa coefficients to assess agreement between category assignments based on the TETRAS and the WHIGET. Results: Spearman's r' s were significant for all items (p's ≤ 0.001, mean r = 0.89). Weighted Kappa's revealed substantial to near perfect agreement for all eight items (mean k = 0.86, range = 0.64 to 1.00). Conclusion: Analyses revealed substantial strength of association and substantial to near perfect agreement between items rated with the WHIGET and TETRAS scales. These data indicated that ratings provided by each scale are highly comparable.

Essential Tremor and Essential Tremor Plus Are Essentially Similar Electrophysiologically.

BACKGROUND: The merits of classifying the heterogeneous group of essential tremors into essential tremor (ET) and essential tremor plus (ETP) are debated. OBJECTIVES: We studied the electrophysiological and spiral characteristics of tremor in ET and ETP. METHODS: We reviewed standardized videos from a tremor database and clinically classified patients into ET, ETP, or dystonic tremor (DT). The following variables were derived from combined tri-axial accelerometry-surface electromyography (EMG)-peak frequency, total power, peak power, full width half maximum, tremor stability index and EMG-coherence. We analyzed hand-drawn spirals to derive mean deviation, tremor variability, inter-, and intra-loop widths. We compared these variables among the groups. RESULTS: We recruited 72 participants (81.9% male) with mean age 47.7 ± 16.1 years and Fahn-Tolosa-Marin Tremor Rating Scale total score 31.1 ± 14.1. Patients with ET were younger (P = 0.014) and had less severe tremor (P = 0.020) compared to ETP and DT. In ETP group, 48.6% had subtle dystonia. Peak frequency was greater in ETP (7.3 ± 0.3 Hz) compared to DT (6.1 ± 0.4 Hz; P = 0.024). Peak power was greater in ETP and DT for postural tremor. Rest tremor was recordable on accelerometry in 26.7% of ET. Other variables were similar among the groups. CONCLUSION: Electrophysiological evaluation revealed postural tremor of frequency 6 to 7 Hz in ET, ETP, and DT with subtle differences more severe tremor in ETP and DT, and higher frequency in ETP compared to DT. Our findings suggest a similar tremor oscillator in these conditions, supporting the view that these entities are part of a spectrum of tremor disorders, rather than distinct etiological entities.

Upper limb intention tremor assessment: opportunities and challenges in wearable technology.

BACKGROUND: Tremors are involuntary rhythmic movements commonly present in neurological diseases such as Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, and multiple sclerosis. Intention tremor is a subtype associated with lesions in the cerebellum and its connected pathways, and it is a common symptom in diseases associated with cerebellar pathology. While clinicians traditionally use tests to identify tremor type and severity, recent advancements in wearable technology have provided quantifiable ways to measure movement and tremor using motion capture systems, app-based tasks and tools, and physiology-based measurements. However, quantifying intention tremor remains challenging due to its changing nature. METHODOLOGY & RESULTS: This review examines the current state of upper limb tremor assessment technology and discusses potential directions to further develop new and existing algorithms and sensors to better quantify tremor, specifically intention tremor. A comprehensive search using PubMed and Scopus was performed using keywords related to technologies for tremor assessment. Afterward, screened results were filtered for relevance and eligibility and further classified into technology type. A total of 243 publications were selected for this review and classified according to their type: body function level: movement-based, activity level: task and tool-based, and physiology-based. Furthermore, each publication's methods, purpose, and technology are summarized in the appendix table. CONCLUSIONS: Our survey suggests a need for more targeted tasks to evaluate intention tremors, including digitized tasks related to intentional movements, neurological and physiological measurements targeting the cerebellum and its pathways, and signal processing techniques that differentiate voluntary from involuntary movement in motion capture systems.

Neural signal data collection and analysis of Percept™ PC BrainSense recordings for thalamic stimulation in epilepsy.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) using Medtronic's Percept™ PC implantable pulse generator is FDA-approved for treating Parkinson's disease (PD), essential tremor, dystonia, obsessive compulsive disorder, and epilepsy. Percept™ PC enables simultaneous recording of neural signals from the same lead used for stimulation. Many Percept™ PC sensing features were built with PD patients in mind, but these features are potentially useful to refine therapies for many different disease processes. When starting our ongoing epilepsy research study, we found it difficult to find detailed descriptions about these features and have compiled information from multiple sources to understand it as a tool, particularly for use in patients other than those with PD. Here we provide a tutorial for scientists and physicians interested in using Percept™ PC's features and provide examples of how neural time series data is often represented and saved. We address characteristics of the recorded signals and discuss Percept™ PC hardware and software capabilities in data pre-processing, signal filtering, and DBS lead performance. We explain the power spectrum of the data and how it is shaped by the filter response of Percept™ PC as well as the aliasing of the stimulation due to digitally sampling the data. We present Percept™ PC's ability to extract biomarkers that may be used to optimize stimulation therapy. We show how differences in lead type affects noise characteristics of the implanted leads from seven epilepsy patients enrolled in our clinical trial. Percept™ PC has sufficient signal-to-noise ratio, sampling capabilities, and stimulus artifact rejection for neural activity recording. Limitations in sampling rate, potential artifacts during stimulation, and shortening of battery life when monitoring neural activity at home were observed. Despite these limitations, Percept™ PC demonstrates potential as a useful tool for recording neural activity in order to optimize stimulation therapies to personalize treatment.

Wearable Accelerometer and Gyroscope Sensors for Estimating the Severity of Essential Tremor.

BACKGROUND: Several validated clinical scales measure the severity of essential tremor (ET). Their assessments are subjective and can depend on familiarity and training with scoring systems. METHOD: We propose a multi-modal sensing using a wearable inertial measurement unit for estimating scores on the Fahn-Tolosa-Marin tremor rating scale (FTM) and determine the classification accuracy within the tremor type. 17 ET participants and 18 healthy controls were recruited for the study. Two movement disorder neurologists who were blinded to prior clinical information viewed video recordings and scored the FTM. Participants drew a guided Archimedes spiral while wearing an inertial measurement unit placed at the mid-point between the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and the anatomical snuff box. Acceleration and gyroscope recordings were analyzed. The ratio of the power spectral density between frequency bands 0.5-4 Hz and 4-12 Hz, and the sum of power spectrum density over the entire spectrum of 2-74 Hz, for both accelerometer and gyroscope data, were computed. FTM was estimated using regression model and classification using SVM was validated using the leave-one-out method. RESULTS: Regression analysis showed a moderate to good correlation when individual features were used, while correlation was high ([Formula: see text] = 0.818) when suitable features of the gyro and accelerometer were combined. The accuracy for two-class classification of the combined features using SVM was 91.42% while for four-class it was 68.57%. CONCLUSION: Potential applications of this novel wearable sensing method using a wearable Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) include monitoring of ET and clinical trials of new treatments for the disorder.

Retinal Thickness in Essential Tremor and Early Parkinson Disease: Exploring Diagnostic Insights.

BACKGROUND: Essential tremor (ET) represents a heterogeneous condition which may overlap with Parkinson disease (PD) even at early stages, by sharing some subtle clinical aspects. Longstanding ET demonstrated also higher risk of developing PD, especially with a Tremor-dominant (TD-PD) phenotype. Therefore, differential diagnosis between ET and early PD could be quite challenging. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has been recognized as a reliable tool to assess the retina as a proxy of neurodegeneration. We aimed to explore the possible role of retinal assessment in differential diagnosis between ET and early PD. METHODS: Macular layers and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness among ET, early PD, and healthy controls (HCs) were assessed using OCT. RESULTS: Forty-two eyes from 23 ET, 41 eyes from 21 early PD, and 33 eyes from 17 HCs were analyzed. Macular RNFL, ganglion cell layer, inner plexiform layer, and inner nuclear layer were thinner in PD as compared with ET and even more in HCs. Differences between ET and PD were more evident when considering the TD-PD subgroup, especially for RNFL. Among ET patients, thickness of the inner macular layers showed negative linear relationship with both age at onset and disease duration. Peripapillary temporal quadrant thinning was found in ET compared with HCs. CONCLUSIONS: Macular inner retina was thinner in patients with ET and early PD compared with HCs. These findings suggest that the retinal assessment may have a utility in the differential diagnosis between ET and PD.

The cognitive profile of essential tremor on the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status.

Objective: Essential tremor (ET), while defined by progressive motor symptoms, is increasingly associated with cognitive impairments (e.g. attention, memory, and executive functions). This study characterizes the cognitive profile of individuals with ET on the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS), a commonly-used neuropsychological screening measure. Method: Seventy-seven individuals (mean age: 70.6, 34% female) diagnosed with ET and being considered for surgical/procedural intervention were recruited from a Movement Disorders Clinic. All participants completed the RBANS, Grooved Pegboard Test (GPB), and Fahn, Tolosa, Marin Tremor Scale (FTMTS) in the clinical evaluation of their tremor. Results: One-sample t-tests found Immediate Memory, Language, Attention, and Total Scale Index scores to be significantly lower than the expected population mean (p < .05). List Learning, Semantic Fluency, Coding, and List Recall subtests were significantly lower and Picture Naming was significantly higher than the expected population mean (p < .05). GPB scores were correlated with the Attention Index as well as List Learning and Coding subtests. FTMTS Severity was correlated with the Coding subtest and FTMTS Disability was correlated with the Figure Recall subtest. Conclusions: Results support prior literature indicating cognitive weaknesses in those with ET. Individuals with ET had poorer global cognitive abilities, with specific decrements in Immediate Memory, Attention, and Language. Notably, the Attention Index and Coding subtest were most affected by motor functioning. Cognitive screening measures, like the RBANS, can efficiently identify strengths and weaknesses in individuals with ET seeking surgical/procedural interventions.

Treatment patterns in essential tremor: Real-world evidence from a United Kingdom and France primary care database.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Essential tremor (ET) is one of the most common neurological disorders, but information on treatment pattern is still scant. The aim of this study was to describe the demographic and clinical characteristics, treatment patterns, and determinants of drug use in patients with newly diagnosed ET in France and the United Kingdom. METHODS: Incident cases of ET diagnosed between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2018 with 2 years of follow-up were identified by using The Health Improvement Network (THIN®) general practice database. During the follow-up, we assessed the daily prevalence of use and potential switches from first-line to second-line treatment or other lines of treatment. Logistic regression models were conducted to assess the effect of demographic and clinical characteristics on the likelihood of receiving ET treatment. RESULTS: A total of 2957 and 3249 patients were selected in the United Kingdom and France, respectively. Among ET patients, drug use increased from 12 months to 1 month prior the date of index diagnosis (ID). After ID, nearly 40% of patients received at least one ET treatment, but during follow-up drug use decreased and at the end of the follow-up approximately 20% of patients were still on treatment. Among treated patients, ≤10% maintained the same treatment throughout the entire follow-up, nearly 20% switched, and 40%-75% interrupted any treatment. Results from the multivariate analysis revealed that, both in France and the United Kingdom, patients receiving multiple concomitant therapies and affected by psychiatric conditions were more likely to receive an ET medication. CONCLUSION: This study shows that ET is an undertreated disease with a lower-than-expected number of patients receiving and maintaining pharmacological treatment. Misclassification of ET diagnosis should be acknowledged; thus, results require cautious interpretation.

The Spectrum of Non-Parkinsonian Tremor: A Registry at a Tertiary Care Teaching Institute.

Background: Tremors other than those associated with Parkinson's disease (non-parkinsonian tremor) are commonly observed in clinical settings. However, their frequency and clinical characteristics have rarely been reported. Objectives: To classify non-parkinsonian tremors based on the consensus statement on the classification of tremors, from the task force of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society published in 2018. Methods: A prospective registry at a tertiary care teaching institute. Results: A total of 475 patients with non-parkinsonian tremors were recruited for the study. 67.57% (n = 321) of our patients were male and a family history of tremor was present in 20.84% (n = 99) of patients. Dystonic tremor (DT) was the most common non-parkinsonian tremor (33.26%). 27.78% of patients fulfilled the new classification criteria for essential tremor, with 13.47% classified as pure ET (ET) and 14.31% exhibiting neurological soft signs, leading to the classification of ET plus (ETP). Patients with ETP had more family history (57.35%) [vs DT (26.48%, p = 0.00004) and ET (10.93%, p = 0.00003], longer duration of disease [mean ± standard deviation (SD) = 9.53 ± 8.64 years] [vs DT (5.60 ± 5.93, p = 0.0003) and ET (6.38 ± 5.97, p = 0.01) years], and more severe tremor as measured by the essential tremor rating assessment scale total score [mean ± SD = 27.42 ± 11.70] [vs DT (23.50 ± 8.62, p = 0.007) and ET (22.12 ± 8.19, p = 0.007)] compared with patients with DT and ET. Conclusions: DT was the most common cause of non-parkinsonian tremor in our registry followed by essential tremor syndrome. ETP was more common than ET.

A prospective cohort study of familial versus sporadic essential tremor cases: Do clinical features evolve differently across time?

BACKGROUND: Although essential tremor (ET) is often divided into familial and sporadic cases, few data compare the evolution of clinical features in these groups over time. Leveraging data from a prospective, longitudinal study, we present analyses of the evolution of a broad range of cognitive, motor (i.e., tremor, tandem gait) and other features (e.g., disability) of ET. METHODS: Sixty-six familial and 23 sporadic ET cases completed in-home evaluations at baseline and 18, 36, and 54-month follow-ups. Assessments included detailed neuropsychological testing and videotaped neurological examinations. Analyses compared the longitudinal course of 16 clinical features in familial and sporadic cases. RESULTS: Baseline mean age was 75.2 ± 8.8 years and mean observation period was 4.7 ± 0.3 years. Tremor onset age was lower and childhood onset more common in familial than sporadic cases (p's = 0.02). Longitudinal analyses revealed no significant differences between clinical features displayed by familial and sporadic cases, or differences between the patterns of change in clinical features observed in these groups across time. Sporadic cases' daily activity skills declined significantly, whereas familial cases' did not, p's = 0.04 and 0.34, respectively; however, this finding was non-significant when controlling for false discovery rate. Several additional non-significant trends were noted. CONCLUSION: Familial and sporadic ET cases differed in onset age, and in the prevalence of childhood tremor onset. Although a number of interesting trends were observed, no significant differences in the evolution of clinical features over time in patients with and without a family history of ET were revealed.

Accelerometric Classification of Resting and Postural Tremor Amplitude.

Clinical rating scales for tremors have significant limitations due to low resolution, high rater dependency, and lack of applicability in outpatient settings. Reliable, quantitative approaches for assessing tremor severity are warranted, especially evaluating treatment effects, e.g., of deep brain stimulation (DBS). We aimed to investigate how different accelerometry metrics can objectively classify tremor amplitude of Essential Tremor (ET) and tremor in Parkinson's Disease (PD). We assessed 860 resting and postural tremor trials in 16 patients with ET and 25 patients with PD under different DBS settings. Clinical ratings were compared to different metrics, based on either spectral components in the tremorband or pure acceleration, derived from simultaneous triaxial accelerometry captured at the index finger and wrist. Nonlinear regression was applied to a training dataset to determine the relationship between accelerometry and clinical ratings, which was then evaluated in a holdout dataset. All of the investigated accelerometry metrics could predict clinical tremor ratings with a high concordance (>70%) and substantial interrater reliability (Cohen's weighted Kappa > 0.7) in out-of-sample data. Finger-worn accelerometry performed slightly better than wrist-worn accelerometry. We conclude that triaxial accelerometry reliably quantifies resting and postural tremor amplitude in ET and PD patients. A full release of our dataset and software allows for implementation, development, training, and validation of novel methods.

ELectronic Archimedes spiral Neural Network (ELANN).

The Archimedes spiral is a clinical tool that aids in the diagnosis and monitoring of essential tremor. However, spiral ratings may vary based on experience and training of the rating physician. This study sought to generate an objective standard model for tremor evaluation using convolutional neural networks. One senior movement disorders neurologist (Neurologist 1) with over 30 years of clinical experience used the Bain and Findley Spirography Rating Scale to rate 1653 Archimedes spiral images from 46 essential tremor patients (mild to severe tremor) and 75 control subjects (no to mild tremor). Neurologist 1's labels were used as the reference standard to train the model. After training the model, a randomly selected subset of spiral testing data was re-evaluated by Neurologist 1, by a second senior movement disorders neurologist (Neurologist 2) with over 27 years of clinical experience, and by our model. Cohen's Weighted Kappa 95% confidence intervals were calculated from all rater comparisons to determine if our model performs with the same proficiency as two senior movement disorders neurologists. The Cohen's Weighted Kappa 95% confidence intervals for the agreement between the reference standard scores and Neurologist 1's rerated scores, for the agreement between the reference standard scores and Neurologist 2's scores, and for the agreement between the reference standard scores and our model's scores were 0.93-0.98, 0.86-0.94, and 0.89-0.96, respectively. With overlapping Cohen's Weighted Kappa 95% confidence intervals for all agreement comparisons, we demonstrate that our model evaluates spirals with the same proficiency as two senior movement disorders neurologists.

French validation of the Quality of life in Essential Tremor Questionnaire (QUEST) and the Essential Tremor Embarrassment Assessment (ETEA).

Two scales have been developed and validated in English to evaluate the impact of tremor on daily life, namely Quality of life in Essential Tremor Questionnaire (QUEST) and Essential Tremor Embarrassment Assessment (ETEA). The psychometric properties of the French version of these two scales were assessed for 117 patients with head tremor. Both scales showed excellent acceptability, very good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha coefficient>0.8) and reproducibility (Lin concordance coefficient>0.8), satisfactory external validity and satisfactory sensitivity to change. In conclusion, the French versions of QUEST and ETEA are comprehensive, valid and reliable instruments for assessing patients with head tremor.

Essential tremor.

Essential tremor (ET) is a chronic and progressive neurologic disease. Its central and defining clinical feature is a 4-12Hz kinetic tremor, that is, tremor that occurs during voluntary movements such as drinking from a cup or writing. Patients may also exhibit a range of other tremors-postural, rest, intention, additional motor features (e.g., mild gait ataxia, mild dystonia), as well as nonmotor features. The disease itself seems to be a risk factor for other degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Both genetic and toxic environmental factors have been explored as etiologic factors. In addition to a growing appreciation of the presence of clinical, etiologic, and pathologic heterogeneity, there is some support for the notion that ET itself may not be a single disease, but may be a family of diseases whose central defining feature is kinetic tremor of the arms, and which might more accurately be referred to as "the essential tremors." Recent research has increasingly placed the seat of the disease in the cerebellum and cerebellar system and identified a host of neurodegenerative changes within the cerebellum, indicating that this progressive disorder is likely degenerative.

A Wearable Multi-Segment Upper Limb Tremor Assessment System for Differential Diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease Versus Essential Tremor.

Upper limb tremor is a prominent symptom of both Parkinson's disease and essential tremor. Its kinematic parameters overlap substantially for these two pathological conditions, thus leading to high rate of misdiagnosis, especially for community doctors. Several groups have proposed various methods for improving differential diagnosis. These prior studies have attempted to identify better kinematic parameters, however they have mainly focused on single limb features including tremor intensity, tremor frequency, and tremor variability. In this paper, we propose a wearable system for multi-segment assessment of upper limb tremor and differential diagnosis of Parkinson's disease versus essential tremor. The proposed system collected tremor data from both wrist and fingers simultaneously. From this data, we extracted multi-segment features in the form of phase relationships between limb segments. Using support vector machine classifiers, we then performed differential diagnosis from the extracted features. We evaluated the performance of the proposed system on 19 Parkinson's disease patients and 12 essential tremor patients. Moreover, we also assessed the performance cost associated with reducing task load and sensor array size. The proposed system reached perfect accuracy in leave-one-out cross validation. Task reduction and sensor array reduction were associated with penalties of 2% and 9-10% respectively. The results demonstrated that the proposed system could be simplified for clinical applications, and successfully applied to the differential diagnosis of Parkinson's disease versus essential tremor in real-world setting.

May Bradykinesia Features Aid in Distinguishing Parkinson's Disease, Essential Tremor, And Healthy Elderly Individuals?

BACKGROUND: Bradykinesia is the hallmark feature of Parkinson's disease (PD); however, it can manifest in other conditions, including essential tremor (ET), and in healthy elderly individuals. OBJECTIVE: Here we assessed whether bradykinesia features aid in distinguishing PD, ET, and healthy elderly individuals. METHODS: We conducted simultaneous video and kinematic recordings of finger tapping in 44 PD patients, 69 ET patients, and 77 healthy elderly individuals. Videos were evaluated blindly by expert neurologists. Kinematic recordings were blindly analyzed. We calculated the inter-raters agreement and compared data among groups. Density plots assessed the overlapping in the distribution of kinematic data. Regression analyses and receiver operating characteristic curves determined how the kinematics influenced the likelihood of belonging to a clinical score category and diagnostic group. RESULTS: The inter-rater agreement was fair (Fleiss K = 0.32). Rater found the highest clinical scores in PD, and higher scores in ET than healthy elderly individuals (p < 0.001). In regard to kinematic analysis, the groups showed variations in movement velocity, with PD presenting the slowest values and ET displaying less velocity than healthy elderly individuals (all ps < 0.001). Additionally, PD patients showed irregular rhythm and sequence effect. However, kinematic data significantly overlapped. Regression analyses showed that kinematic analysis had high specificity in differentiating between PD and healthy elderly individuals. Nonetheless, accuracy decreased when evaluating subjects with intermediate kinematic values, i.e., ET patients. CONCLUSION: Despite a considerable degree of overlap, bradykinesia features vary to some extent in PD, ET, and healthy elderly individuals. Our findings have implications for defining bradykinesia and categorizing patients.

Comparison of core and process scores on the California Verbal Learning Test-3 for Parkinson's disease and essential tremor patients.

INTRODUCTION: Parkinson's disease (PD) and essential tremor (ET) are two disorders known to lead to executive dysfunction, presumably through distinct pathways to the frontal lobes via the striatum or cerebellum, respectively. Memory functioning in PD and ET patients has been previously suggested to be adversely impacted by executive dysfunction. The aims of this exploratory study were to compare memory performance between and within groups on the California Verbal Learning Test - 3 (CVLT-3) through the analysis of core and process scores and to understand the relationship of these scores with measures of executive functioning. METHOD: Seventy PD and 54 ET patients completed comprehensive neuropsychological testing. Independent sample t-tests or Mann-Whitney tests were used to compare between group core and process scores on the CVLT-3. Within-subjects analyses were conducted via Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test due to nonparametric data. Spearman's correlations were conducted to explore the relationship between memory process scores and measures of executive functioning. RESULTS: The ET and PD samples were similar with regard to age, education, gender, and general cognitive functioning. PD patients made more repetition errors (U = 2391.50, p = .01) than ET patients and Normal Memory PD patients made more repetition errors than Low Memory PD patients (U= 711.00, p= .00). Correlational analyses revealed repetition errors were negatively associated with tests of inhibition, set shifting, and working memory (rs = -.293, -.232). ET patients demonstrated a preference for a serial cluster learning strategy (T = 861.00, p = .005), similar to PD patients (T= 1633.00, p = <.001). CONCLUSIONS: The study revealed presence of higher repetition errors in the PD sample that was demonstrated to have a negative relationship with measures of executive functioning. Implications for investigating process ("qualitative") scores in memory performance to determine extent of executive involvement are discussed.